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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">faeeba</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Rev. FAEEBA - Ed. e Contemp.</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. FAEEBA - Ed. e Contemp.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2358-0194</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidade do Estado da Bahia</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21879/faeeba2358-0194.2025.v34.n78.p18-39</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>MAPEANDO PESQUISAS SOBRE COMPETÊNCIAS DIGITAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS: UMA ANÁLISE BIBLIOMÉTRICA</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>MAPEO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOBRE COMPETENCIAS DIGITALES EN LA EDUCACIÓN EN CIENCIAS: UN ANÁLISIS BIBLIOMÉTRICO</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4029-4803</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Veraszto</surname>
						<given-names>Estéfano Vizconde</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>*</sup> Físico e Doutor em Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas, com estágio de pesquisa na Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Professor Associado da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, no Departamento de Ciências Naturais e Matemática. Docente permanente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências e Matemática (UFSCar) e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (UNICAMP). Coordenador do curso de Licenciatura em Física da UFSCar Araras. Email: <email>estefanovv@ufscar.br</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1483-0668</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivilla</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Medina</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>**</sup> Professor, Supervisor Educacional, Licenciado em Pedagogia e Psicologia, e Doutor em Ciências da Educação - Pedagogia pela Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Professor Emérito da UNED e Doutor Honoris Causa por diversas universidades: UniSantander (México) e IUNIR (Argentina), Doutor Distinto pela Letônia e Prêmio de Trajetória Acadêmica em Pesquisa pela Associação de Pesquisa Educacional - Cuba-México. Orientador de mais de 170 teses de doutorado e inúmeras dissertações de mestrado, além de programas de doutorado em diversos países e universidades. Editor de numerosas obras acadêmicas de renome e coordenador de revistas especializadas em educação em vários países. Email: <email>amedina@edu.uned.es</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8688-9602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Navio</surname>
						<given-names>Eufrásio Peréz</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>***</sup> Doutor em Filosofia e Ciências da Educação pela UNED-Espanha, com diversas estadias de pesquisa e docência em universidades da Europa, África e Américas, sendo a mais recente na Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo (Itália). Professor Titular e membro do Conselho de Governo da Universidad de Jaén (UJA), além de coordenador do programa de formação para professores em início de carreira da UJA. Email: <email>epnavio@ujaen.es</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Carlos</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>campus Araras</city>
					<state>São Paulo</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Araras, São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Madrid</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Univesridad de Jaén</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Jaén</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Univesridad de Jaén, Jaén, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>34</volume>
			<issue>78</issue>
			<fpage>18</fpage>
			<lpage>39</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<p>Este estudo mapeia o desenvolvimento de competências digitais na educação em ciências através de análise bibliométrica de 2005 a 2024. As competências digitais são essenciais em disciplinas como biologia, química e física, mas desafios como infraestrutura limitada e formação inadequada de professores dificultam sua integração. A Inteligência Artificial surge como ferramenta promissora para apoiar o desenvolvimento dessas competências, possibilitando aprendizagem adaptativa e personalizada. Utilizando o VOSviewer e o SciMAT, foram analisados 64 artigos da Web of Science, identificando 393 palavras-chave.</p>
				<p>Os resultados mostram a conexão entre IA e educação em ciências e enfatizam a necessidade de políticas que promovam a formação contínua de professores e o uso eficaz das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação. O estudo conclui que a IA pode personalizar a aprendizagem, automatizar avaliações e criar conteúdos interativos, aprimorando as competências digitais na educação em ciências.</p>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Este estudio mapea el desarrollo de competencias digitales en la educación científica mediante un análisis bibliométrico de 2005 a 2024. Estas competencias son esenciales en disciplinas como biología, química y física, pero desafíos como infraestructura limitada y formación docente inadecuada dificultan su integración. La Inteligencia Artificial emerge como herramienta prometedora para favorecer un aprendizaje adaptativo y personalizado. Usando VOSviewer y SciMAT, se analizaron 64 artículos de Web of Science, identificando 393 palabras clave. Los resultados muestran la conexión entre IA y educación científica, y subrayan la necesidad de políticas que impulsen la formación continua del profesorado y el uso eficaz de la Tecnologías de Información e Comunicación. Se concluye que la IA puede personalizar el aprendizaje, automatizar evaluaciones y crear contenidos interactivos, fortaleciendo las competencias digitales en la enseñanza de las ciencias.</p>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Competências digitais</kwd>
				<kwd>Inteligência Artificial</kwd>
				<kwd>Educação em Ciências</kwd>
				<kwd>Análise Bibliométrica</kwd>
				<kwd>VOSviewer</kwd>
				<kwd>SciMat.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Competencias digitales</kwd>
				<kwd>Inteligencia Artificial</kwd>
				<kwd>Educación en Ciencias</kwd>
				<kwd>Análisis Bibliométrico</kwd>
				<kwd>VOSviewer</kwd>
				<kwd>SciMat.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group>
					<funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
					<award-id>001</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement><italic>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</italic></funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introdução<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref></sup></title>
			<p>As competências digitais são essenciais para a utilização consciente e segura das tecnologias digitais em contextos educacionais, sociais e profissionais. Essas competências englobam habilidades como encontrar, avaliar, utilizar, compartilhar e criar conteúdo digital, promovendo a inclusão digital, facilitando a educação, melhorando a comunicação e a colaboração, e garantindo a segurança online (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Marin et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kwiatkowska &amp; Wiśniewska-Nogaj, 2022</xref>). Na educação, elas preparam os alunos para os desafios de uma sociedade digitalizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). Em ciências, disciplinas como biologia, química, física e geologia requerem tecnologias computacionais, simulações e análise de dados, além de habilidades como pensamento crítico, resolução de problemas e colaboração (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). O desenvolvimento dessas competências torna o processo de aprendizagem mais dinâmico e interativo, facilitando a exploração de conceitos complexos e promovendo habilidades de investigação (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). Também capacita os alunos a acessar e avaliar recursos educacionais online, incluindo bancos de dados científicos e simulações virtuais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>). No entanto, a formação inadequada dos docentes compromete a plena inclusão das TIC na educação em ciências (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Domene et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>A educação em ciências enfrenta desafios como a disponibilidade de infraestrutura tecnológica nas escolas, a formação de professores e a garantia da segurança e privacidade dos dados dos alunos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). A falta de suporte institucional e a escassez de tempo para o desenvolvimento contínuo dos professores são obstáculos significativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). Nesse contexto, a Inteligência Artificial (IA) emerge como uma ferramenta para aprimorar as competências digitais dos alunos, criando ambientes de aprendizagem adaptativos e personalizados. Contudo, a implementação dessa tecnologia exige uma abordagem cuidadosa e ética, garantindo transparência, responsabilidade e proteção da privacidade dos dados dos alunos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). Considerando a importância das competências digitais na educação em ciências, esta pesquisa propõe uma investigação bibliométrica utilizando VOSviewer e SciMAT para examinar tendências, padrões e lacunas no desenvolvimento dessas competências entre 2005 e 2024 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). A análise bibliométrica visa identificar o estágio de desenvolvimento e as principais contribuições científicas, compreendendo os desafios na implementação dessas práticas educacionais, especialmente em infraestrutura tecnológica, formação de professores e segurança dos dados. A IA é vista como uma aliada promissora para melhorar a aprendizagem, exigindo uma abordagem ética e cuidadosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>). Uma pesquisa abrangente na Web of Science mapeou trabalhos sobre essa temática, buscando contribuir para discussões sobre a educação em ciências da natureza e a formação docente.</p>
			<p>Nesse sentido, este trabalho busca a resposta para a seguinte questão: Quais são as tendências, padrões e lacunas no desenvolvimento das competências digitais na educação em ciências ao longo das últimas duas décadas, conforme refletido na literatura científica?</p>
			<p>Sendo assim, a pesquisa objetiva realizar uma análise bibliométrica do estado da arte da pesquisa sobre o desenvolvimento das competências digitais na educação em ciências, abrangendo o período de 2005 a 2024, utilizando os softwares VOSviewer e SciMAT na análise. E, para que esse propósito se cumpra, os seguintes objetivos específicos serão explorados:</p>
			<list list-type="simple">
				<list-item>
					<p>a. Mapear a produção científica relacionada às competências digitais na educação em ciências, identificando áreas de interesse.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>b. Investigar a evolução temporal das publicações.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>c. Explorar a distribuição geográfica, identificando o impacto da produção científica.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>d. Identificar possibilidades e desafios da pesquisa na área para orientar futuros estudos sobre o tema.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>Ainda cabe apontar que a pesquisa justificase pela importância de se entender o estado atual dos estudos sobre competências digitais na educação em ciências, considerando que os resultados poderão abordar as necessidades emergentes nesse campo e orientar investigações futuras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Domene et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">GonzálezMedina et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Fundamentação teórica</title>
			<p>As competências digitais auxiliam na utilização eficaz das tecnologias digitais em contextos educacionais, sociais e profissionais. No ambiente educacional, estas competências ajudam a preparar os alunos para os desafios de uma sociedade digitalizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). Na educação em ciências, disciplinas como biologia, química e física frequentemente requerem tecnologias computacionais, simulações e análise de dados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). E, além do domínio técnico, as competências digitais abrangem habilidades transversais como pensamento crítico, resolução de problemas e colaboração.</p>
			<p>Assim, o desenvolvimento de competências digitais na educação em ciências facilita a exploração de conceitos complexos, promovendo habilidades investigativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). Isso permite que os alunos acessem diversos recursos educacionais online, como bancos de dados científicos e simulações virtuais, ampliando seu conhecimento e habilidades práticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anaya Garay et al., 2022</xref>). No entanto, a apropriação dessas estratégias enfrenta desafios significativos, incluindo a disponibilidade de infraestrutura tecnológica e a formação contínua de professores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). Garantir a segurança e a privacidade dos dados dos alunos também é uma preocupação crescente, exigindo abordagens robustas para proteger a integridade das informações pessoais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nesse contexto, a Inteligência Artificial (IA) surge como uma ferramenta promissora para aprimorar as competências digitais dos alunos, promovendo uma aprendizagem personalizada, permitindo a criação de ambientes de aprendizagem adaptativos que se ajustam às necessidades individuais dos alunos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). No entanto, a implementação da IA na educação em ciências deve ser abordada com cautela, assegurando transparência, responsabilidade e proteção da privacidade e segurança dos dados dos alunos para evitar vieses algorítmicos e discriminação. Assim, apesar da crescente relevância das competências digitais, é fundamental entender os desafios na implementação eficaz dessas práticas educacionais, particularmente em relação à infraestrutura tecnológica, formação de professores e questões de segurança e privacidade dos dados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>A formação contínua dos professores em competências digitais pode melhorar os processos de ensino-aprendizagem promovendo uma cultura de desenvolvimento profissional docente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ruiz-Cabezas et al., 2020</xref>). Também se faz necessário o apoio institucional e formação contínua para a implementação eficaz das TICs no ambiente educacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). Porém, a importância da formação contínua dos docentes para a melhoria da qualidade do ensino é ponto que precisa ser levando em considerando (Medina et al., 2023).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Metodologia</title>
			<p>Essa pesquisa apoia-se em pressupostos de análise bibliométrica que oferece uma perspectiva abrangente da produção científica em uma área específica, auxiliando na compreensão ao destacar padrões, tendências e temas emergentes e áreas de interesse prioritário (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bagheri et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Pritchard, 1969</xref>). Trata-se de recurso investigativo que permite a avaliação do impacto e da visibilidade de publicações, na mensuração da colaboração entre pesquisadores e instituições, e na identificação de lacunas de conhecimento que podem orientar futuras investigações (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Van Raan, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Utilizando indicadores bibliométricos e softwares de visualização de dados, como o SciMAT e o VOSviewer, empregados neste estudo, é possível analisar e representar graficamente as relações entre conceitos, regionalidades e autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Leydesdorff &amp; Rafols, 2008</xref>). A escolha do SciMAT se deu porque esse software oferece análises de citações, índices de impacto, permitindo a identificação de padrões de interação entre diferentes áreas de pesquisa e a visualização da estrutura e evolução dos campos científicos na análise coocorrência de palavras-chave (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cobo et al., 2012</xref>). Por sua vez, o VOSviewer foi escolhido porque possibilita a análise e visualização de categorias temáticos e a exploração dinâmica da estrutura da literatura científica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Van Eck &amp; Waltman, 2009</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Pesquisa bibliométrica</title>
			<p>Buscas na Web of Science foram conduzidas utilizando termos específicos. Na primeira busca, os termos “AI” (“Artificial Intelligence”), “Digital Competence”, “Development”, “Science Education”, “Natural Sciences”, “Educational Technology” e “Education” resultaram em apenas 3 artigos. A segunda busca, focada em “Digital Competence”, “Development” e “Science Education”, identificou 64 artigos. Foi adicionado o termo “Education” na terceira busca e novamente 64 artigos foram encontrados, indicando que este termo não expandiu a abrangência da pesquisa, sugerindo que esse termo pode não ser essencial para os objetivos da pesquisa.</p>
			<p>Considerando a busca realizada e os objetivos da pesquisa, vale destacar que o termo “Digital Competence” foi utilizado para direcionar a pesquisa para estudos sobre o desenvolvimento e promoção das competências digitais no contexto educacional, abrangendo aspectos como alfabetização digital, segurança digital e comunicação online. O termo “Development” foi incluído para explorar como as competências digitais são adquiridas, aprimoradas e integradas ao longo do tempo no ambiente educacional, incluindo estratégias de ensino, políticas educacionais e programas de formação de professores. O termo “Science Education” restringiu a pesquisa ao contexto específico da educação em ciências, focando em disciplinas como biologia, química e física, investigando o uso de tecnologias digitais, incluindo a IA.</p>
			<p>A inclusão do termo “Education” visava garantir que os resultados abrangessem estudos gerais sobre educação, políticas educacionais e práticas pedagógicas, e sua conexão com a competência digital e o uso da tecnologia na educação em ciências. Mas isso não se concretizou conforme já apontando.</p>
			<p>Assim, a combinação desses termos buscou uma perspectiva abrangente e aprofundada sobre o tema investigado. Por fim, cabe apontar que não foram impostas restrições nas buscas em relação às áreas de conhecimento, tipos de documentos ou períodos. Como o resultado foi de 64 artigos, foi considerado que o número não é tão grande e novas restrições pudessem limitar a pesquisa. Mesmo assim, a diversidade dos artigos proporciona uma base representativa para analisar tendências, desafios e oportunidades no uso da IA para promover as competências digitais na educação em ciências.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Análise dos dados</title>
			<p>Num primeiro momento a análise foi feita por período, compreendendo os agrupamentos de 2005-2009, 2010-2014, 2015-2019 e 20202024. Mesmo existindo 4 artigos para os 2 primeiros períodos destacados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>), a análise não conseguiu categorizá-los. Consideramos que descartar 2 períodos não era a estratégia mais adequada, se a intenção é analisar o estado da arte dentro da mesma temática. Por isso, a opção final foi refazer a análise de forma global, considerando a produção total (64 artigos) de 2005 a 2024. O fluxograma do processo da pesquisa bibliométrica está representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Tabela 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Artigos analisados, por período.</title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th align="left" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">PERÍODO</th>
							<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">DOCUMENTOS</th>
							<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">%</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">2005-2009</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">1,6%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">2010-2014</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">4,7%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">2015-2019</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">23,4%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">2019-2024</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">70,3%</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left" valign="top">2005-2024</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
							<td align="center" valign="top">100%</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Processo da pesquisa bibliométrica.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf01.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
					<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Os dados importados no software, VOSviewer, permitiu identificar os países que mais produzem e publicam na área (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref>).</p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Tabela 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Países que mais publicam na área.</title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">COUNTRY</th>
							<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DOCUMENTS</th>
							<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CITATIONS</th>
							<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">People's Republic of China</td>
							<td align="center">11</td>
							<td align="center">123</td>
							<td align="center">4</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Poland</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">6</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">65</td>
							<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">6</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Russia</td>
							<td align="center">6</td>
							<td align="center">29</td>
							<td align="center">0</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Spain</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">6</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">19</td>
							<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">5</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Bulgaria</td>
							<td align="center">5</td>
							<td align="center">2</td>
							<td align="center">1</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Germany</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">5</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">71</td>
							<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">10</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Switzerland</td>
							<td align="center">5</td>
							<td align="center">65</td>
							<td align="center">10</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Ukraine</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">5</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">14</td>
							<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">2</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Netherlands</td>
							<td align="center">4</td>
							<td align="center">57</td>
							<td align="center">9</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Sweden</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">4</td>
							<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">48</td>
							<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">5</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
			<p>A análise dos países revela diferentes níveis de envolvimento e impacto na pesquisa sobre competências digitais na educação em ciências. A China, com 11 documentos e 123 citações, destaca-se pelo volume e impacto significativo na literatura científica, embora apresente uma colaboração internacional relativamente baixa. A Polônia, com 6 documentos e 65 citações, demonstra uma rede de colaboração internacional mais robusta, evidenciada por sua força total de ligação de 6. Em contraste, a Rússia, apesar de produzir uma quantidade significativa de pesquisa com 6 documentos, apresenta um impacto menor, com 29 citações e uma força total de ligação nula, indicando um isolamento na comunidade científica. A Espanha, também com 6 documentos, possui um impacto moderado com 19 citações e uma força total de ligação de 5, sugerindo uma participação colaborativa ativa, mas com potencial para maior reconhecimento. A Bulgária, com 5 documentos, tem uma baixa quantidade de citações (2) e uma força total de ligação modesta (1), indicando a necessidade de maior visibilidade e colaboração global.</p>
			<p>A Alemanha e a Suíça, com 5 documentos cada, apresentam altos impactos de 71 e 65 citações, respectivamente, e forças totais de ligação de 10, refletindo uma forte colaboração internacional e presença robusta na literatura científica. A Ucrânia, com 5 documentos e 14 citações, tem uma força total de ligação de 2, sugerindo uma colaboração limitada e impacto menor. Os Países Baixos, com 4 documentos e 57 citações, e a Suécia, com 4 documentos e 48 citações, apresentam forças totais de ligação de 9 e 5, respectivamente, indicando uma forte presença colaborativa e impacto considerável na comunidade científica. Esses dados destacam a variação no envolvimento e impacto dos diferentes países na pesquisa sobre competências digitais na educação em ciências, com alguns países mostrando uma necessidade de aumentar sua visibilidade e colaboração internacional para melhorar seu impacto científico.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Análise das coocorrências</title>
			<p>Usando o VOSviewer, a análise foi realizada considerando a coocorrência de todas as palavras-chave. Inicialmente, foram identificadas 397 palavras-chave a partir do total de artigos. Para aprimorar a análise, palavras sinônimas ou variações de escrita foram eliminadas, mantendo apenas o padrão mais recorrente. Foi gerado um banco de dados que consolidou palavras sinônimas e eliminou duplicidades, agrupando as formas no singular e no plural.</p>
			<p>Após esses ajustes, o total de palavras-chave foi reduzido para 393. Destas, 71 palavraschave atenderam ao critério de pelo menos 2 coocorrências. No entanto, considerando que o total de palavras-chave se reduziria significativamente aumentando o número de coocorrências, optou-se por utilizar 60 palavras-chave para garantir um ajuste mais robusto e representativo.</p>
			<p>Considerando os agrupamentos feitos pelos softwares, as palavras-chave foram analisadas dentro do contexto dos artigos mais citados, o que contribuiu para delimitar as categorias conforme são apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> e discutidas na sequência.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise das coocorrências de palavras-chave, 2015-2024.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf02.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
					<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores, com VOSviewer.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Categoria 1: Competências Digitais e tecnologias na educação</title>
				<p>A primeira categoria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref>) enfatiza as competências digitais, evidenciadas por 8 ocorrências e uma força total de 32, refletindo a importância de utilizar tecnologias digitais eficazmente. O termo “technology” predomina com 9 ocorrências e uma força total de 35, destacando o desenvolvimento e a implementação de sistemas tecnológicos na educação. “Systems” tem 5 ocorrências e uma força total de 19, reforçando essa tendência.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise das palavras-chave da categoria 1 do VOSviewer.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">technology</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital competence</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">8</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">32</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">systems</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">teachers</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">5</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">big data</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">communication</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">digital skills</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digitalization</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">ict</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">knowledge</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">curriculum</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital transformation</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">information</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">model</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">14</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">attitudes</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital literacy</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">future</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">literacy</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">preservice teachers</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">social media</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">transformation</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>As “digital skills” surgem com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 17, indicando um interesse em capacitar alunos e professores para navegar no ambiente digital. “Communication” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 10, e “digitalization” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 11, enfatizam a integração de processos digitais nos sistemas educativos. A presença de “ICT” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 15, juntamente com “knowledge” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 18, destaca a necessidade de entender e aplicar tecnologias no contexto educacional. “Curriculum” com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 9, e “digital transformation” com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 13, indicam a adaptação dos conteúdos educacionais às novas exigências tecnológicas.</p>
				<p>Termos como “information” com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 15, “model” com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 14, e “digital literacy” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 9, denotam áreas específicas de interesse e pesquisa. “Teachers” registra 5 ocorrências e uma força total de 8, enquanto “preservice teachers” apresenta 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 11, sublinhando a formação contínua e a preparação de educadores para o uso eficaz das tecnologias digitais. “Big data” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 9 reflete o interesse em grandes volumes de dados na educação. “Attitudes” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 10 e “social media” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 7 destacam aspectos comportamentais e contemporâneos da integração tecnológica. “Future” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 10 e “transformation” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 10 sugerem uma visão prospectiva e de evolução contínua no contexto educacional.</p>
				<p>A primeira categoria revela amplos interesses e tendências, destacando áreas-chave de desenvolvimento e implementação, bem como a preparação de alunos e educadores para um ambiente educacional cada vez mais digital.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Categoria 2: Inteligência Artificial e Inovação na educação</title>
				<p>A segunda categoria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 4</xref>) destaca a inteligência artificial como tópico dominante, com 17 ocorrências e uma força total de 47, indicando interesse significativo na aplicação da IA para aprimorar os processos de ensino e aprendizagem. A palavra-chave “competence” aparece com 11 ocorrências e uma força total de 41, demonstrando uma preocupação abrangente com o desenvolvimento de diversas competências. A relevância dos “students” é evidente com 6 ocorrências e uma força total de 28, sugerindo um foco central nas necessidades e no engajamento dos alunos. “Strategies” educacionais, com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 15, indicam uma busca por métodos inovadores para engajar e educar os alunos de maneira mais eficaz.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise das palavras-chave da categoria 2 do VOSviewer.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">artificial intelligence</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">competence</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">11</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">engagement</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">framework</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">impact</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">innovation</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">machine learning</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">natural language processing</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">pedagogical content knowledge</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">perceptions</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">performance</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">professional-development</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">robotics</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">self-determination theory</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">skills</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">strategies</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">students</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">28</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">systematic review</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">teacher education</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tpack</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">12</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Termos como “machine learning” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 17 e “skills” com 4 ocorrências e uma força total de 17 destacam o interesse em técnicas específicas de IA e no desenvolvimento de habilidades relacionadas. “Engagement” (2 ocorrências, força total de 10) e “performance” (2 ocorrências, força total de 10) refletem preocupações com a eficácia e a motivação no ambiente educacional. A presença de “innovation” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 11 e “impact” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 13 sugere uma atenção aos efeitos das novas tecnologias na educação.</p>
				<p>“Framework” (2 ocorrências, força total de 9) e “systematic review” (2 ocorrências, força total de 13) indicam uma abordagem estruturada e baseada em evidências para a pesquisa em educação. Adicionalmente, “professional-development” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 9 e “teacher education” com 2 ocorrências e uma força total de 11 sublinham a importância da formação contínua dos educadores para a implementação eficaz das tecnologias educacionais. “Pedagogical content knowledge” (2 ocorrências, força total de 12) e “self-determination theory” (2 ocorrências, força total de 9) refletem o interesse em teorias e práticas pedagógicas que suportam a integração tecnológica.</p>
				<p>Termos como “robotics” (2 ocorrências, força total de 7) e “natural language processing” (2 ocorrências, força total de 8) destacam áreas específicas de aplicação da IA na educação. “TPACK” (2 ocorrências, força total de 12) representa a integração do conhecimento tecnológico, pedagógico e de conteúdo, essencial para a educação moderna.</p>
				<p>A segunda categoria revela um foco substancial na inteligência artificial e na inovação na educação, enfatizando a importância de desenvolver competências, engajar alunos e formar educadores para um ambiente educacional cada vez mais tecnológico e inovador.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Categoria 3: Desenvolvimento e Implementação de tecnologias na educação</title>
				<p>A terceira categoria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 5</xref>) destaca a forte presença do tema “education” com 13 ocorrências e uma força total de 81, indicando um foco intenso na integração da tecnologia no contexto educacional. O “higher education” registra 6 ocorrências e uma força total de 67, refletindo o interesse em como as tecnologias são aplicadas e desenvolvidas em universidades e instituições de ensino superior.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Tabela 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análise das palavras-chave da categoria 3 do VOSviewer.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">education</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">81</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">higher education</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">6</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">67</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">control-system development</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">development</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">digital implementation</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">economic issues</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">electronics</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">fpga technology</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">industry</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">information society</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">linear-accelerator</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">probe</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">professional communities</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">reagent</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">simulator</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tailored optical-fibers</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">telecommunications</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tesla cavity controller</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">water</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A ênfase em “digital implementation” e “desenvolvimento de sistemas de controle”, ambos com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54, demonstra um interesse significativo nos aspectos técnicos e práticos da aplicação de tecnologias na educação, voltados para o desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas específicas que podem ser implementadas nos ambientes educacionais. Termos como “electronics” e “FPGA technology” (Field Programmable Gate Array), cada um com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54, indicam um interesse em tecnologias avançadas e sua aplicação prática na educação.</p>
				<p>A “information society” e “professional communities”, também com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54, refletem a importância de compreender o impacto das tecnologias na sociedade e de fomentar a colaboração entre profissionais na área educacional. Outros termos como “economic issues” (3 ocorrências, força total de 54), “industry” (3 ocorrências, força total de 54) e “telecommunications” (3 ocorrências, força total de 54) sugerem um interesse na interseção entre educação e desenvolvimento econômico, industrial e tecnológico.</p>
				<p>A presença de “linear-accelerator” e “simulator” (ambos com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54) indica a pesquisa em tecnologias que podem ser usadas para criar ambientes de aprendizagem avançados e simulados. Adicionalmente, “tailored optical-fibers”, “tesla cavity controller” e “probe” (todos com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54) denotam a exploração de tecnologias de ponta que podem potencialmente revolucionar os métodos de ensino e aprendizagem. Termos como “reagent” e “water” (ambos com 3 ocorrências e uma força total de 54) podem indicar a pesquisa em áreas específicas da educação científica, onde o uso de tecnologias avançadas é crucial.</p>
				<p>A terceira categoria revela um foco significativo no desenvolvimento e implementação de tecnologias específicas no contexto educacional, com particular interesse em sua aplicação no ensino superior. A pesquisa abrange desde aspectos técnicos e práticos até o impacto econômico e societal das tecnologias na educação.</p>
				<p>A análise integrada, revela que a primeira categoria enfatiza a necessidade de desenvolver competências digitais básicas e avançadas entre alunos e professores para um ambiente educacional digitalizado. A segunda categoria destaca a exploração de tecnologias emergentes, como inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina, para inovar e melhorar processos educativos, focando na personalização da aprendizagem e no aumento do engajamento dos alunos. A terceira categoria sublinha a importância do desenvolvimento e implementação de tecnologias específicas no contexto educacional, especialmente no ensino superior, indicando a necessidade de soluções técnicas e práticas integradas nas práticas educativas.</p>
				<p>Essas categorias delineiam um cenário de forte integração tecnológica na educação, com ênfase em competências digitais, inovações tecnológicas e aplicações práticas. A tendência geral sugere uma evolução contínua e adaptação às mudanças tecnológicas, enquanto as lacunas identificadas indicam áreas para futuras pesquisas, como estratégias específicas para diferentes contextos educacionais, avaliação do impacto dessas tecnologias na aprendizagem e criação de modelos educacionais que integrem essas tecnologias emergentes.</p>
				<p>A análise do VOSviewer, considerando o foco da educação em ciências, destaca a importância de capacitar educadores e alunos, explorar tecnologias emergentes e desenvolver soluções práticas aplicáveis no ambiente educacional. De forma específica, a IA apresenta potencial significativo para contribuir no desenvolvimento de competências digitais na educação, considerando os seguintes pontos.</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>a. Personalização da Aprendizagem: criação de sistemas de aprendizagem personalizados que adaptam o conteúdo e o ritmo de ensino às necessidades individuais dos alunos.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>b. Feedback Imediato e Avaliação Contínua: disponibilidade de avaliações contínuas e feedback imediato, permitindo ajustes no processo de ensino com base no desempenho dos alunos.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>c. Análise de Dados Educacionais: análise de grandes volumes de dados para identificar lacunas e fortalezas nas competências digitais dos alunos, permitindo intervenções personalizadas.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>d. Desenvolvimento de Conteúdo Interativo: desenvolvimento de conteúdos educativos interativos e imersivos, como gamificação e simulações, que facilitam o aprendizado de competências digitais.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>e. Suporte ao Ensino de Habilidades Digitais: oferta de tutoriais personalizados e atividades práticas para desenvolver habilidades tecnológicas.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>f. Inovação e Pesquisa: identificação de lacunas na pesquisa, contribuindo para novas abordagens pedagógicas e inovação educacional</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>g. Formação Continuada de Educadores: Ferramentas de IA podem fornecer treinamento e recursos personalizados para educadores, melhorando suas competências digitais e práticas pedagógicas.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagramas de coordenadas estratégicas</title>
				<p>Os dados foram importados no SciMat com posterior eliminação de sinônimos ou variações de escrita (singular e plural), mantendo o padrão mais recorrente. A unidade de análise escolhida foram as palavras-chave, considerando os papéis de autor, fonte e adicionais (authorRole=true, sourceRole=true, addedRole=true). O tipo de rede analisada foi de coocorrência, utilizando o índice de equivalência como medida de normalização. Para a formação dos categorias, foi aplicado o algoritmo de centros simples, estabelecendo um tamanho máximo de categoria de 4 e um tamanho mínimo de 1. A medida de evolução selecionada foi o índice de Jaccard, enquanto a medida de sobreposição utilizada foi o índice de equivalência. Essas configurações visam garantir uma análise detalhada e precisa das relações dos termos.</p>
				<p>O SciMAT gerou diagramas de coordenadas Estratégicas que proporcionam visualização intuitiva do estado evolutivo dos temas de pesquisa, oferecendo uma compreensão do campo de estudo, onde os nós representam categorias temáticos, enquanto os números associados indicam o volume de literatura relacionada a cada tema, refletindo seu interesse e relevância. O eixo horizontal avalia a centralidade, destacando a força de associação de um tema com outros dentro do campo de pesquisa. Quanto maior a centralidade, mais central é a posição do tema e mais fortemente ele se relaciona com outras áreas. Por sua vez, o eixo vertical representa a densidade, indicando o grau de associação entre as palavras-chave dentro de um tema. Maior densidade sugere uma conexão interna mais robusta e um estágio mais avançado de desenvolvimento temático.</p>
				<p>A interseção desses eixos divide o plano em quatro quadrantes distintos, cada um fornecendo informações sobre os temas analisados. O quadrante superior esquerdo geralmente abriga temas bem desenvolvidos, mas possivelmente isolados em relação aos demais. Enquanto isso, o quadrante inferior esquerdo destaca temas emergentes ou em declínio, necessitando de maior atenção e investigação. Por outro lado, o quadrante superior direito revela temas centrais e consolidados, com forte conexão com outros temas e frequentemente representando áreas de pesquisa líderes. Esses são identificados pelas categorias altamente coesos e associados a palavras-chave proeminentes. Por fim, o quadrante inferior direito é ocupado por temas importantes, porém subdesenvolvidos, oferecendo oportunidades para futuras investigações e aprofundamentos.</p>
				<p>Assim, as análises realizadas no SciMAT formam categorias em torno das palavras-chave com maior incidência nos estudos (Petrillo Pires de Araújo et al., 2023). Essas categorias representam conjuntos de palavras-chave altamente interconectadas dentro da literatura analisada, refletindo associações temáticas e possibilitando a identificação de tendências emergentes e relações entre diferentes temas. Os nós, por sua vez, são elementos individuais em um diagrama de rede. No SciMAT, os nós geralmente representam palavras-chave, enquanto as categorias são agrupamentos desses nós.</p>
				<p>Os dados da análise foram resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 6</xref> onde foram utilizadas as seguintes informações: a) Cluster: conjunto de palavras-chave com alta interconexão dentro da literatura analisada, refletindo associações temáticas. Podem representar tópicos específicos de pesquisa ou conceitos relevantes no campo de estudo. Analisar essas categorias permite identificar tendências emergentes e relações entre diferentes temas. b) Centrality: medida da centralidade de cada categoria, destaca sua importância e conexão com outros temas dentro do campo de pesquisa. c) Centrality range: intervalo de valores de centralidade abrangido pelas categorias, permite comparação relativa entre eles. d) Density: indica o grau de conexão entre as palavras-chave dentro do tema. e) Density range: intervalo de valores de densidade abrangido pelas categorias, mostra a coesão interna dos temas. f) Documents: total de documentos <bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>:</bold> Categorias encontradas no SciMAT. associados a cada categoria. g) h-index: índice h calculado para cada categoria, que representa o número de documentos do categoria (h) que receberam pelo menos h citações. h) Citations: total de citações recebidas pelos documentos dentro de cada categoria, indica a relevância e impacto do tema na comunidade científica (Shen et al., 2023).</p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Tabela 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Categorias encontradas no SciMAT.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">N</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CLUSTER</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CENTRALITY</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">CENTRALITY RANGE</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DENSITY</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">DENSITY RANGE</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DOCUMENTS</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">H-INDEX</th>
								<th align="center" style="background-color:#c1d7ec; ">CITATIONS</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</td>
								<td align="center">15.11</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">13.63</td>
								<td align="center">0.67</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">99</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8; ">2</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">PRESER-<break/>VICE-TEACHERS</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8; ">12.88</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">0.67</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8; ">14.58</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8; ">1</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">3</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">2</td>
								<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">23</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">COMMUNICATION</td>
								<td align="center">9.97</td>
								<td align="center">0.33</td>
								<td align="center">8.02</td>
								<td align="center">0.33</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 7</xref> apresenta as palavras-chave e uma síntese da análise para cada categoria</p>
				<table-wrap id="t7">
					<label>Tabela 7</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntese da análise das categorias.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;">N</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;">CLUSTER</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;">KEYWORDS [DOCUMENTS]</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" colspan="2" valign="bottom">1</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">ARTIFICIAL <break/>INTELLI-<break/>GENCE</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">artificial intelligence <break/>[20] competence [11]<break/>technology [9] skills [5]</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">Os dados bibliométricos indicam que “digital competence” e “technology” são termos centrais, ambos com 9 ocorrências, destacando a importância de capacitar alunos e professores em competências digitais. A presença de “systems” (6 ocorrências) e “communication” (5 ocorrências) reforça a necessidade de integrar tecnologias nos processos educativos, tanto do ponto de vista técnico quanto na utilização eficaz para facilitar a colaboração e troca de informações. A recorrência de “digital skills” (5 ocorrências) sublinha a relevância de desenvolver habilidades específicas para uma navegação e utilização eficientes das tecnologias digitais. Esta categoria evidencia uma abordagem abrangente para preparar indivíduos para um ambiente educacional digital, onde a competência em tecnologias da informação e comunicação é essencial.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="bottom">2</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="bottom">PRESERVICE-TEACHERS</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="bottom">model [4]<break/>preservice-teachers <break/>[4] innovation [3] proposal [2]</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="bottom">A “artificial intelligence” destaca-se com 20 ocorrências, evidenciando interesse substancial na sua aplicação para aprimorar processos educativos. O termo “competence” aparece 11 vezes, indicando foco em desenvolver competências variadas através do uso de IA. A “innovation” com 3 ocorrências sugere busca por novas abordagens pedagógicas que incorporem IA para melhorar ensino e aprendizagem. Os termos “model” com 4 ocorrências e “proposal” com 2 ocorrências refletem pesquisa dedicada ao desenvolvimento e teste de novos modelos educacionais baseados em IA. Esta categoria sugere exploração aprofundada de como a IA pode transformar a educação, desde automação de processos até criação de experiências de aprendizagem personalizadas e inovadoras.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">3</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">COMMUNICATION</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">digital-competence [9] systems [6] communication [5]</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="2" valign="bottom">&quot;Digital competence” e “technology” aparecem com 9 ocorrências cada, indicando um interesse contínuo no desenvolvimento e implementação de tecnologias digitais. A presença de “systems” com 6 ocorrências e “communication” com 5 ocorrências destaca a importância de uma infraestrutura tecnológica robusta e de habilidades de comunicação eficazes para a implementação bem-sucedida dessas tecnologias na educação. Termos adicionais como “skills” com 5 ocorrências e “innovation” com 3 ocorrências reforçam a necessidade de desenvolvimento contínuo de competências e práticas inovadoras no ensino. Esta categoria reflete a pesquisa focada na criação de um ambiente educacional que incorpore eficazmente tecnologias digitais, promovendo tanto a infraestrutura necessária quanto as habilidades interpessoais e técnicas requeridas para o sucesso na implementação dessas tecnologias.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores com SciMat.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>A análise do diagrama de coordenadas es“Preservice-Teachers” e “Artificial Intelligence”. tratégicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 3</xref>) indica que no quadrante Ambos exibem alta centralidade, indicando superior direito, observam-se as categorias forte conexão com outros temas na área de pesquisa. A densidade da categoria “Preservice-Teachers” é consideravelmente alta, sugerindo uma coesão interna robusta entre as palavras-chave associadas. Por outro lado, a categoria “Artificial Intelligence” possui uma densidade ligeiramente menor, mas ainda demonstra uma conexão substancial entre os termos-chave. Ambos as categorias apresentam um número significativo de documentos associados, refletindo um impacto considerável na comunidade científica, conforme indicado pelo h-index.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagrama de coordenadas estratégicas para total de documentos.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf03.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores, com SciMat.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>No quadrante inferior esquerdo, encontrase a categoria “Communication”, que exibe uma centralidade moderada, sugerindo uma conexão intermediária com outros temas na área. No entanto, a densidade é relativamente baixa, indicando uma coesão menos robusta entre as palavras-chave associadas. O número limitado de documentos associados à categoria, juntamente com um h-index modesto, sugere um impacto moderado na comunidade científica em comparação com as categorias no quadrante superior direito.</p>
				<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 4</xref> mostra que a categoria “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE” foca na aplicação da IA em diversas áreas, sendo mencionado em 20 documentos. Termos como “competence”, “technology” e “skills” indicam uma abordagem interdisciplinar, explorando a interseção entre IA e competências digitais. Esta categoria apresenta alta centralidade (15.11) e densidade (13.63), com um índice h de 6 e 99 citações, demonstrando impacto significativo na comunidade acadêmica.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Categorias encontradas no SciMAT</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf04.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores, com SciMat.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>A categoria “PRESERVICE-TEACHERS” concentra-se na formação de professores, com ênfase em aspectos inovadores. A palavra-chave “preservice-teachers” aparece em 4 documentos, enquanto “model”, “innovation” e “proposal” sugerem investigações sobre <bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>:</bold> Categorias encontradas no SciMAT. modelos inovadores para a formação inicial de professores. Esta categoria mostra alta centralidade (12.88) e densidade (14.58), com um índice h de 2 e 23 citações, contribuindo significativamente para a educação em formação de professores.</p>
				<p>A categoria “COMMUNICATION” aborda a comunicação digital e a competência digital associada, com “digital-competence” mencionado em 9 documentos. Termos como “systems” e “communication” indicam uma investigação interdisciplinar. Esta categoria possui centralidade (9.97) e densidade (8.02) moderadas, com 3 documentos, um índice h de 1 e apenas 1 citação, sugerindo necessidade de mais desenvolvimento para aumentar sua relevância acadêmica.</p>
				<p>A análise das categorias nos diferentes quadrantes do diagrama de coordenadas estratégicas revela variações significativas em métricas bibliométricas, como o número total de documentos, o índice h e a soma das citações.</p>
				<p>No quadrante superior direito, as categorias “Artificial Intelligence” e “Preservice-Teachers” se destacam com 14 e 3 documentos, respectivamente, apresentando índices h de 6 e 2, sugerindo relevância substancial na comunidade científica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>). O categoria “Artificial Intelligence” recebeu 99 citações, enquanto “Preservice-Teachers” obteve 23 citações, indicando influência significativa em termos de produção científica e impacto acadêmico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 6</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagrama de coordenadas estratégicas para índice h.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf05.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores, com SciMat.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagrama de coordenadas estratégicas para soma de citações.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf06.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Fonte:</bold> Os autores, com SciMat.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>No quadrante inferior esquerdo, a categoria “Communication” possui apenas 3 documentos, um índice h de 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">figura 5</xref>) e soma das citações de 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 6</xref>), refletindo uma produção científica menor e impacto relativamente limitado na comunidade científica em comparação com as categorias dos quadrantes superiores.</p>
				<p>Essas análises enfatizam a importância dos categorias no quadrante superior direito em termos de quantidade e impacto da pesquisa. “Artificial Intelligence” e “PreserviceTeachers” representam áreas de pesquisa líderes, enquanto “Communication” no quadrante inferior esquerdo sugere uma área que pode necessitar de mais desenvolvimento para aumentar sua relevância e impacto acadêmico.</p>
				<p>A análise integrada das três categorias revela tendências na pesquisa sobre competências digitais, tecnologia na educação, inteligência artificial, inovação, e desenvolvimento e implementação de tecnologias. A consistência de termos como “digital competence” e “digital skills” em todas as categorias destaca a necessidade crescente de desenvolver habilidades tecnológicas em alunos e professores. A recorrência de “technology” e “systems” sublinha a importância de uma infraestrutura tecnológica robusta para melhorar os processos de ensino e aprendizagem.</p>
				<p>A formação de professores é outra área crítica, evidenciada pela presença de “preservice teachers”, indicando a necessidade de preparar futuros educadores para utilizar tecnologias digitais e IA. A formação inicial e continuada de professores é essencial para a implementação bem-sucedida dessas tecnologias.</p>
				<p>Além disso, termos como “innovation”, “model” e “proposal” refletem o esforço contínuo para desenvolver e testar novas abordagens pedagógicas, com a IA sendo uma ferramenta chave para criar experiências de aprendizagem mais personalizadas e eficazes.</p>
				<p>“Artificial intelligence” destaca-se como tema dominante, evidenciando interesse substancial em como a IA pode ser aplicada para melhorar a educação, oferecendo possibilidades para a automação de processos, personalização do aprendizado e desenvolvimento de novas competências. A importância de habilidades de comunicação para a colaboração eficaz e o uso de tecnologias digitais é sublinhada pela recorrência do termo “communication”.</p>
				<p>No geral, a pesquisa sinaliza um foco na importância das competências digitais, na integração tecnológica, na formação de professores, na inovação e na aplicação da inteligência artificial na educação. As tendências sugerem que a pesquisa está avançando para criar um ambiente educacional que responda às demandas de um mundo digital em constante evolução, enfatizando o desenvolvimento de habilidades tecnológicas e novas abordagens pedagógicas.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Considerações finais</title>
			<p>As análises do VOSviewer e do SciMAT convergem na identificação de tendências, lacunas e possibilidades de investigação futura na área de competências digitais e tecnologia na educação, com foco na integração da IA. Ambas as análises destacam a necessidade crescente de desenvolver competências digitais entre alunos e professores para um ambiente educacional digitalizado. A consistência de termos como “digital competence” e “digital skills” em todas as categorias ressalta a importância dessas habilidades tecnológicas.</p>
			<p>A formação de professores emerge como uma área crítica, com a presença de termos como “preservice teachers” indicando a necessidade de preparar educadores para utilizar tecnologias digitais e IA. A formação contínua de professores é essencial para a implementação bem-sucedida dessas tecnologias, um ponto sublinhado por ambas as análises.</p>
			<p>A integração de tecnologias emergentes, como IA e aprendizado de máquina, é destacada como uma tendência significativa. A IA é vista como uma ferramenta chave para personalizar a aprendizagem, automatizar avaliações e criar conteúdos interativos, aumentando a motivação e o engajamento dos alunos. As análises também apontam para a necessidade de uma infraestrutura tecnológica robusta e de habilidades de comunicação eficazes para a implementação dessas tecnologias no contexto educacional.</p>
			<p>Apesar dessas tendências, há lacunas notáveis na pesquisa. A análise identificou que a “Communication” é um domínio que ainda necessita de maior desenvolvimento, evidenciando a carência de abordagens eficazes para promover habilidades de comunicação digital entre educadores e alunos. A necessidade de políticas educacionais robustas que promovam a formação contínua e o uso eficaz das TICs, garantindo a segurança e privacidade dos dados, é uma área que requer atenção.</p>
			<p>As possibilidades de investigação futura incluem a personalização do desenvolvimento de competências digitais, adaptando conteúdos e métodos de ensino às necessidades específicas dos alunos. A criação de plataformas de aprendizagem baseadas em IA que avaliem continuamente o progresso dos alunos e ajustem o conteúdo conforme necessário é uma área promissora. A avaliação rigorosa da eficácia dessas intervenções na melhoria das competências digitais e na motivação dos alunos é essencial.</p>
			<p>Além disso, a análise de grandes volumes de dados educacionais utilizando IA pode identificar deficiências e fortalezas no desenvolvimento de competências digitais, permitindo intervenções mais precisas e baseadas em evidências. A pesquisa também pode explorar o desenvolvimento de conteúdos educativos interativos e imersivos, como gamificação e simulações, que facilitam o aprendizado de competências digitais.</p>
			<p>A formação continuada de educadores com o auxílio de ferramentas de IA, que forneçam treinamento e recursos personalizados, é outra área de investigação potencial. Avaliar a eficácia desses programas de formação e integrar a IA nos programas de desenvolvimento profissional dos educadores são caminhos promissores.</p>
			<p>Por fim, a IA pode fomentar pesquisa e inovação, analisando tendências na literatura científica, sugerindo direções de estudo e promovendo a colaboração entre instituições e grupos de pesquisa. Estudos longitudinais que acompanhem o impacto das IA no desenvolvimento de competências digitais ao longo do tempo são cruciais para entender e melhorar continuamente as práticas educacionais.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<p><italic>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</italic></p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
				<label>1</label>
				<p>Texto revisado, normalizado e traduzido por Mariane da Silva Domingos Del Duca.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21879/faeeba2358-0194.2025.v34.n78.p18-39</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>MAPPING RESEARCH ON DIGITAL COMPETENCIES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4029-4803</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Veraszto</surname>
						<given-names>Estéfano Vizconde</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>*</sup> Physicist and Ph.D. in Education, Science, and Technology from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, with a research stay at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Associate Professor at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, in the Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Permanent faculty member of the Graduate Program in Science and Mathematics Education (UFSCar) and the Graduate Program in Education (UNICAMP). Coordinator of the Undergraduate Physics Program at UFSCar Araras. Email: <email>estefanovv@ufscar.br</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1483-0668</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rivilla</surname>
						<given-names>Antonio Medina</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>**</sup> Teacher, Education Supervisor, Bachelor in Pedagogy and Psychology, and Ph.D. in Educational Sciences - Pedagogy from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Emeritus Professor at UNED and Honorary Doctor (Doctor Honoris Causa) from several universities: UniSantander (Mexico) and IUNIR (Argentina), Distinguished Doctor from Latvia, and Lifetime Achievement Award in Research from the Educational Research Association - Cuba-Mexico. Director of more than 170 doctoral dissertations and numerous master’s theses, as well as doctoral programs in various countries and universities. Editor of numerous renowned academic works and coordinator of specialized education journals in several countries. Email: <email>amedina@edu.uned.es</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8688-9602</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Navio</surname>
						<given-names>Eufrásio Peréz</given-names>
					</name>
					<bio>
						<p><sup>***</sup> Ph.D. in Philosophy and Educational Sciences from UNED-Spain, with various research and teaching stays at universities in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, the most recent at the Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo (Italy). Full Professor and member of the Governing Council at the Universidad de Jaén (UJA), and coordinator of the UJA’s training program for earlycareer teachers. Email: <email>epnavio@ujaen.es</email>
						</p>
					</bio>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Carlos</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>campus Araras</city>
					<state>São Paulo</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Araras, São Paulo, Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Madrid</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<institution content-type="orgname">Univesridad de Jaén</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Jaén</city>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Univesridad de Jaén, Jaén, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>This study maps the development of digital competencies in science education through a bibliometric analysis from 2005 to 2024. Digital competencies are essential in disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and physics, yet challenges like limited infrastructure and inadequate teacher training hinder integration. Artificial Intelligence is a promising tool to support digital competency development by enabling adaptive and personalized learning. Using VOSviewer and SciMAT, 64 articles from Web of Science were analyzed, identifying 393 keywords. Results show the connection between AI and science education and emphasize the need for policies promoting continuous teacher training and effective Information and Communication Technologies use. The study concludes that AI can personalize learning, automate assessments, and create interactive content, enhancing digital competencies in science education.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Digital competencies</kwd>
				<kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
				<kwd>Science Education</kwd>
				<kwd>Bibliometric Analysis</kwd>
				<kwd>VOSviewer</kwd>
				<kwd>SciMat.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group>
					<funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
					<award-id>001</award-id>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement><italic>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</italic></funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">1</xref></sup></title>
				<p>Digital competencies are essential for the conscious and safe use of digital technologies in educational, social, and professional contexts. These competencies encompass skills such as finding, evaluating, using, sharing, and creating digital content, promoting digital inclusion, facilitating education, improving communication and collaboration, and ensuring online security (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Marin et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kwiatkowska &amp; Wiśniewska-Nogaj, 2022</xref>). In education, they prepare students for the challenges of a digitalized society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). In sciences, disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, and geology require computational technologies, simulations, and data analysis, as well as skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). The development of these competencies makes the learning process more dynamic and interactive, facilitating the exploration of complex concepts and promoting investigative skills (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). It also empowers students to access and evaluate online educational resources, including scientific databases and virtual simulations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>). However, inadequate teacher training compromises the full integration of ICT in science education (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Domene et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>Science education faces challenges such as the availability of technological infrastructure in schools, teacher training, and ensuring the security and privacy of student data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). The lack of institutional support and limited time for continuous teacher development are significant obstacles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a tool to enhance students’ digital competencies, creating adaptive and personalized learning environments. However, the implementation of this technology requires a careful and ethical approach, ensuring transparency, accountability, and the protection of student data privacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). Given the importance of digital competencies in science education, this research proposes a bibliometric investigation using VOSviewer and SciMAT to examine trends, patterns, and gaps in the development of these competencies between 2005 and 2024 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). The bibliometric analysis aims to identify the development stage and key scientific contributions, understanding the challenges in implementing these educational practices, particularly in technological infrastructure, teacher training, and data security. AI is seen as a promising ally to improve learning, requiring an ethical and careful approach (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>). A comprehensive search in the Web of Science mapped works on this theme, seeking to contribute to discussions on science education and teacher training.</p>
				<p>Thus, this work seeks to answer the following question: What are the trends, patterns, and gaps in the development of digital competencies in science education over the past two decades as reflected in the scientific literature?</p>
				<p>Therefore, the research aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the state of the art in research on the development of digital competencies in science education, covering the period from 2005 to 2024, using VOSviewer and SciMAT for analysis. To achieve this purpose, the following specific objectives will be explored:</p>
				<list list-type="simple">
					<list-item>
						<p>a. Map the scientific production related to digital competencies in science education, identifying areas of interest.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>b. Investigate the temporal evolution of publications.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>c. Explore the geographical distribution, identifying the impact of scientific production.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>d. Identify possibilities and challenges in the research area to guide future studies on the topic.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>The research is justified by the importance of understanding the current state of studies on digital competencies in science education, considering that the results can address emerging needs in this field and guide future investigations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Domene et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Medina et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Theoretical Foundation</title>
				<p>Digital competencies aid in the effective use of digital technologies in educational, social, and professional contexts. In the educational environment, these competencies help prepare students for the challenges of a digitalized society (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). In science education, disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and physics often require computational technologies, simulations, and data analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). Besides technical mastery, digital competencies encompass transversal skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration.</p>
				<p>The development of digital competencies in science education facilitates the exploration of complex concepts, promoting investigative skills (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>). This allows students to access various online educational resources, such as scientific databases and virtual simulations, enhancing their knowledge and practical skills (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Anaya Garay et al., 2022</xref>). However, the adoption of these strategies faces significant challenges, including the availability of technological infrastructure and continuous teacher training (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). Ensuring the security and privacy of student data is also a growing concern, requiring robust approaches to protect the integrity of personal information (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Barahona, 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a promising tool to enhance students’ digital competencies, promoting personalized learning and creating adaptive learning environments tailored to individual student needs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hussain &amp; Bhatti, 2022</xref>). However, the implementation of AI in science education must be approached with caution, ensuring transparency, accountability, and the protection of student data privacy and security to avoid algorithmic biases and discrimination. Thus, despite the growing relevance of digital competencies, it is essential to understand the challenges in effectively implementing these educational practices, particularly regarding technological infrastructure, teacher training, and data security and privacy issues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Tapalova et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Continuous teacher training in digital competencies can improve teaching and learning processes, promoting a culture of professional development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ruiz-Cabezas et al., 2020</xref>). Institutional support and ongoing training are also necessary for the effective implementation of ICT in the educational environment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">López Melero &amp; Pérez Navío, 2023</xref>). The importance of continuous teacher training for improving the quality of education is a crucial point that needs consideration (Medina et al., 2023).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Methodology</title>
				<p>This research is based on bibliometric analysis assumptions, offering a comprehensive perspective of scientific production in a specific area, highlighting patterns, trends, emerging themes, and priority areas of interest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bagheri et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Pritchard, 1969</xref>). It is an investigative tool that allows the assessment of the impact and visibility of publications, the measurement of collaboration between researchers and institutions, and the identification of knowledge gaps that can guide future investigations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Van Raan, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Using bibliometric indicators and data visualization software, such as SciMAT (Science Mapping Analysis Tool) and VOSviewer employed in this study, it is possible to analyze and graphically represent the relationships between concepts, regions, and authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Leydesdorff &amp; Rafols, 2008</xref>). SciMAT was chosen because it offers citation analysis and impact indices, enabling the identification of interaction patterns between different research areas and the visualization of the structure and evolution of scientific fields through keyword co-occurrence analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cobo et al., 2012</xref>). In addition, it generates strategic diagrams based on centrality and density measures, allowing for the identification of consolidated, emerging, or declining themes over time.</p>
				<p>VOSviewer was chosen because it enables the analysis and visualization of thematic categories and the dynamic exploration of the structure of scientific literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Van Eck &amp; Waltman, 2009</xref>). The software stands out for generating interactive bibliometric maps based on co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation, co-authorship, and bibliographic coupling networks, providing an intuitive and visually rich interface to identify clusters and trends in research fields.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Bibliometric Research</title>
				<p>Searches on the Web of Science were conducted using specific terms. The first search, using the terms “AI” (“Artificial Intelligence”), “Digital Competence”, “Development”, “Science Education”, “Natural Sciences”, “Educational Technology”, and “Education,” resulted in only 3 articles. The second search, focusing on “Digital Competence,” “Development,” and “Science Education,” identified 64 articles. The term “Education” was added in the third search, and again, 64 articles were found, indicating that this term did not expand the scope of the research, suggesting that it may not be essential for the research objectives.</p>
				<p>Considering the search conducted and the research objectives, it is worth noting that the term “Digital Competence” was used to direct the research towards studies on the development and promotion of digital competencies in the educational context, covering aspects such as digital literacy, digital security, and online communication. The term “Development” was included to explore how digital competencies are acquired, enhanced, and integrated over time in the educational environment, including teaching strategies, educational policies, and teacher training programs. The term “Science Education” restricted the research to the specific context of science education, focusing on disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and physics, investigating the use of digital technologies, including AI.</p>
				<p>The inclusion of the term “Education” aimed to ensure that the results encompassed general studies on education, educational policies, and pedagogical practices, and their connection with digital competence and the use of technology in science education. However, this was not realized as already pointed out.</p>
				<p>Thus, the combination of these terms sought a comprehensive and in-depth perspective on the investigated theme. Finally, it is worth noting that no restrictions were imposed on the searches regarding knowledge areas, document types, or periods. Since the result was 64 articles, it was considered that the number is not too large and new restrictions could limit the research. Even so, the diversity of the articles provides a representative basis to analyze trends, challenges, and opportunities in using AI to promote digital competencies in science education.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data Analysis</title>
				<p>Initially, the analysis was conducted by period, comprising the groupings of 2005-2009, 20102014, 2015-2019, and 2020-2024. Although there were 4 articles for the first two periods highlighted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 1</xref>), the analysis could not categorize them. Discarding two periods was not considered the most appropriate strategy if the intention is to analyze the state of the art within the same theme. Therefore, the final option was to redo the analysis globally, considering the total production (64 articles) from 2005 to 2024. The flowchart of the bibliometric research process is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t8">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Articles analyzed, by period.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">PERIOD</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">DOCUMENTS</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">2005-2009</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">1,6%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">2010-2014</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">4,7%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">2015-2019</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">23,4%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">2019-2024</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">45</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">70,3%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" valign="top">2005-2024</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
								<td align="center" valign="top">100%</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bibliometric research process.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf07.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The data imported into the software, VOSviewer, allowed for the identification of the countries that produce and publish the most in the area (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 2</xref>). The analysis of countries reveals different levels of involvement and impact in research on digital competencies in science education. China, with 11 documents and 123 citations, stands out for its volume and significant impact on the scientific literature, although it shows relatively low international collaboration. Poland, with 6 documents and 65 citations, demonstrates a more robust international collaboration network, evidenced by its total link strength of 6. In contrast, Russia, despite producing a significant amount of research with 6 documents, shows less impact with 29 citations and a total link strength of zero, indicating isolation in the scientific community. Spain, also with 6 documents, has a moderate impact with 19 citations and a total link strength of 5, suggesting active collaborative participation but with potential for greater recognition. Bulgaria, with 5 documents, has a low number of citations (2) and a modest total link strength (1), indicating a need for greater visibility and global collaboration.</p>
				<table-wrap id="t9">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Countries that publish the most in the area.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">COUNTRY</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DOCUMENTS</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CITATIONS</th>
								<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">People's Republic of China</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">123</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Poland</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">6</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">65</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Russia</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Spain</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">6</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">19</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Bulgaria</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Germany</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">5</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">71</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Switzerland</td>
								<td align="center">5</td>
								<td align="center">65</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Ukraine</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">5</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">14</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Netherlands</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">57</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">Sweden</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">4</td>
								<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">48</td>
								<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">5</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
				<p>Germany and Switzerland, with 5 documents each, show high impacts of 71 and 65 citations, respectively, and total link strengths of 10, reflecting strong international collaboration and a robust presence in the scientific literature. Ukraine, with 5 documents and 14 citations, has a total link strength of 2, suggesting limited collaboration and lower impact. The Netherlands, with 4 documents and 57 citations, and Sweden, with 4 documents and 48 citations, have total link strengths of 9 and 5, respectively, indicating a strong collaborative presence and considerable impact in the scientific community. These data highlight the variation in involvement and impact of different countries in research on digital competencies in science education, with some countries showing a need to increase their visibility and international collaboration to improve their scientific impact.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Co-occurrence Analysis</title>
				<p>Using VOSviewer, the analysis was conducted considering the co-occurrence of all keywords. Initially, 397 keywords were identified from the total number of articles. To refine the analysis, synonymous words or variations in spelling were eliminated, retaining only the most recurring standard. A database was created to consolidate synonymous words and eliminate duplications, grouping singular and plural forms.</p>
				<p>After these adjustments, the total number of keywords was reduced to 393. Of these, 71 keywords met the criterion of at least 2 co-occurrences. However, considering that the total number of keywords would significantly reduce by increasing the number of co-occurrences, it was decided to use 60 keywords to ensure a more robust and representative adjustment.</p>
				<p>Considering the groupings made by the software, the keywords were analyzed within the context of the most cited articles, which helped to delineate the categories as presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref> and discussed below.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of keyword co-occurrences, 2015-2024.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf08.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
						<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors, using VOSviewer.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Category 1: Digital Competencies and Technologies in education</title>
					<p>The first category (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 3</xref>) emphasizes digital competencies, evidenced by 8 occurrences and a total link strength of 32, reflecting the importance of effectively using digital technologies. The term “technology” predominates with 9 occurrences and a total link strength of 35, highlighting the development and implementation of technological systems in education. “Systems” has 5 occurrences and a total link strength of 19, reinforcing this trend.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of Keywords in Category 1 of VOSviewer.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">technology</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">35</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital competence</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">8</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">32</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">systems</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">teachers</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">5</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">big data</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">communication</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">digital skills</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digitalization</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">ict</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">knowledge</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">curriculum</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital transformation</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">information</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">model</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">14</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">attitudes</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">digital literacy</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">future</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">literacy</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">preservice teachers</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">social media</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">transformation</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>“Digital skills” emerge with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 17, indicating an interest in empowering students and teachers to navigate the digital environment. “Communication” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 10, and “digitalization” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 11, emphasize the integration of digital processes in educational systems. The presence of “ICT” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 15, along with “knowledge” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 18, highlights the need to understand and apply technologies in the educational context. “Curriculum” with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 9, and “digital transformation” with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 13, indicate the adaptation of educational content to new technological demands.</p>
					<p>Terms like “information” with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 15, “model” with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 14, and “digital literacy” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 9, denote specific areas of interest and research. “Teachers” registers 5 occurrences and a total link strength of 8, while “preservice teachers” has 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 11, highlighting the continuous training and preparation of educators for the effective use of digital technologies. “Big data” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 9 reflects the interest in large volumes of data in education. “Attitudes” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 10 and “social media” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 7 highlight contemporary and behavioral aspects of technology integration. “Future” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 10 and “transformation” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 10 suggest a forward-looking vision and continuous evolution in the educational context.</p>
					<p>The first category reveals broad interests and trends, highlighting key areas of development and implementation, as well as the preparation of students and educators for an increasingly digital educational environment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Category 2: Artificial Intelligence and Innovation in education</title>
					<p>The second category (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Table 4</xref>) highlights artificial intelligence as a dominant topic, with 17 occurrences and a total link strength of 47, indicating significant interest in the application of AI to enhance teaching and learning processes. The keyword “competence” appears with 11 occurrences and a total link strength of 41, demonstrating a broad concern with the development of various competencies. The relevance of “students” is evident with 6 occurrences and a total link strength of 28, suggesting a central focus on students’ needs and engagement. Educational “strategies,” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 15, indicate a search for innovative methods to engage and educate students more effectively.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t11">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of Keywords in Category 2 of VOSviewer.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">artificial intelligence</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">47</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">competence</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">11</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">engagement</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">framework</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">impact</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">innovation</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">machine learning</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">natural language processing</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">pedagogical content knowledge</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">perceptions</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">performance</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">professional-development</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">robotics</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">self-determination theory</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">skills</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">17</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">strategies</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">4</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">students</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">28</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">systematic review</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">teacher education</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tpack</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">12</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>Terms like “machine learning” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 17 and “skills” with 4 occurrences and a total link strength of 17 highlight the interest in specific AI techniques and the development of related skills. “Engagement” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 10) and “performance” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 10) reflect concerns with effectiveness and motivation in the educational environment. The presence of “innovation” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 11 and “impact” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 13 suggests attention to the effects of new technologies in education.</p>
					<p>“Framework” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 9) and “systematic review” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 13) indicate a structured and evidence-based approach to educational research. Additionally, “professional development” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 9 and “teacher education” with 2 occurrences and a total link strength of 11 underscore the importance of continuous teacher training for effective implementation of educational technologies. “Pedagogical content knowledge” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 12) and “self-determination theory” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 9) reflect interest in pedagogical theories and practices that support technological integration.</p>
					<p>Terms like “robotics” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 7) and “natural language processing” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 8) highlight specific areas of AI application in education. “TPACK” (2 occurrences, total link strength of 12) represents the integration of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge, essential for modern education.</p>
					<p>The second category reveals a substantial focus on artificial intelligence and innovation in education, emphasizing the importance of developing competencies, engaging students, and training educators for an increasingly technological and innovative educational environment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Category 3: Development and Implementation of Technologies in education</title>
					<p>The third category (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Table 5</xref>) highlights the strong presence of the theme “education” with 13 occurrences and a total link strength of 81, indicating an intense focus on the integration of technology in the educational context. “Higher education” registers 6 occurrences and a total link strength of 67, reflecting interest in how technologies are applied and developed in universities and higher education institutions.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t12">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Analysis of Keywords in Category 3 of VOSviewer.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">KEYWORD</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">OCCURRENCES</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;" valign="top">TOTAL LINK STRENGTH</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">education</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">81</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">higher education</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">6</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">67</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">control-system development</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">development</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">digital implementation</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">economic issues</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">electronics</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">fpga technology</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">industry</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">information society</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">linear-accelerator</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">probe</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">professional communities</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">reagent</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">simulator</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tailored optical-fibers</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">telecommunications</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">tesla cavity controller</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" valign="top">water</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">54</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>The emphasis on “digital implementation” and “control system development,” both with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54, demonstrates significant interest in the technical and practical aspects of applying technologies in education, aimed at developing specific technological solutions that can be implemented in educational environments. Terms like “electronics” and “FPGA technology” (Field Programmable Gate Array), each with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54, indicate an interest in advanced technologies and their practical application in education.</p>
					<p>“Information society” and “professional communities,” also with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54, reflect the importance of understanding the impact of technologies on society and fostering collaboration among professionals in the educational field. Other terms like “economic issues” (3 occurrences, total link strength of 54), “industry” (3 occurrences, total link strength of 54), and “telecommunications” (3 occurrences, total link strength of 54) suggest an interest in the intersection between education and economic, industrial, and technological development.</p>
					<p>The presence of “linear-accelerator” and “simulator” (both with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54) indicates research in technologies that can be used to create advanced and simulated learning environments. Additionally, “tailored optical-fibers,” “tesla cavity controller,” and “probe” (all with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54) denote the exploration of cutting-edge technologies that can potentially revolutionize teaching and learning methods. Terms like “reagent” and “water” (both with 3 occurrences and a total link strength of 54) may indicate research in specific areas of science education where the use of advanced technologies is crucial.</p>
					<p>The third category reveals a significant focus on the development and implementation of specific technologies in the educational context, with particular interest in their application in higher education. The research spans from technical and practical aspects to the economic and societal impact of technologies in education.</p>
					<p>The integrated analysis reveals that the first category emphasizes the need to develop basic and advanced digital competencies among students and teachers for a digitalized educational environment. The second category highlights the exploration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, to innovate and improve educational processes, focusing on personalized learning and increased student engagement. The third category underscores the importance of developing and implementing specific technologies in the educational context, especially in higher education, indicating the need for integrated technical and practical solutions in educational practices.</p>
					<p>These categories outline a scenario of strong technological integration in education, emphasizing digital competencies, technological innovations, and practical applications. The general trend suggests continuous evolution and adaptation to technological changes, while the identified gaps indicate areas for future research, such as specific strategies for different educational contexts, evaluation of the impact of these technologies on learning, and creation of educational models that integrate these emerging technologies.</p>
					<p>The VOSviewer analysis, considering the focus on science education, highlights the importance of empowering educators and students, exploring emerging technologies, and developing practical solutions applicable in the educational environment. Specifically, AI presents significant potential to contribute to the development of digital competencies in education, considering the following points:</p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>a. Personalized Learning: Creation of personalized learning systems that adapt content and teaching pace to individual student needs.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>b. Immediate Feedback and Continuous Assessment: Availability of continuous assessments and immediate feedback, allowing adjustments in the teaching process based on student performance.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>c. Educational Data Analysis: Analysis of large volumes of data to identify gaps and strengths in students’ digital competencies, enabling personalized interventions.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>d. Development of Interactive Content: Development of interactive and immersive educational content, such as gamification and simulations, that facilitate the learning of digital competencies.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>e. Support for Teaching Digital Skills: Offering personalized tutorials and practical activities to develop technological skills.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>f. Innovation and Research: Identification of research gaps, contributing to new pedagogical approaches and educational innovation.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>g. Continuous Teacher Training: AI tools can provide personalized training and resources for educators, improving their digital competencies and teaching practices.</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Strategic Coordinates Diagrams</title>
					<p>The data were imported into SciMAT with subsequent elimination of synonyms or variations in writing (singular and plural), maintaining the most recurring standard. The chosen unit of analysis was keywords, considering the roles of author, source, and additional (authorRole=true, sourceRole=true, addedRole=true). The type of network analyzed was co-occurrence, using the equivalence index as the normalization measure. For cluster formation, the simple centers algorithm was applied, establishing a maximum cluster size of 4 and a minimum of 1. The selected evolution measure was the Jaccard index, while the overlap measure used was the equivalence index. These configurations aim to ensure a detailed and accurate analysis of term relationships.</p>
					<p>SciMAT generated Strategic Coordination Diagrams that provide an intuitive visualization of the evolutionary state of research themes, offering an understanding of the field of study, where the nodes represent thematic clusters, and the associated numbers indicate the volume of literature related to each theme, reflecting their interest and relevance. The horizontal axis evaluates centrality, highlighting the strength of association of a theme with others within the research field. The greater the centrality, the more central the position of the theme and the more strongly it relates to other areas. The vertical axis represents density, indicating the degree of association between keywords within a theme. Higher density suggests a more robust internal connection and a more advanced stage of thematic development.</p>
					<p>The intersection of these axes divides the plane into four distinct quadrants, each providing information about the analyzed themes. The upper-left quadrant generally hosts well-developed themes but possibly isolated from the others. Meanwhile, the lower-left quadrant highlights emerging or declining themes that need more attention and investigation. On the other hand, the upper-right quadrant reveals central and consolidated themes with strong connections to other themes, often representing leading research areas. These are identified by highly cohesive clusters associated with prominent keywords. Finally, the lower-right quadrant is occupied by important but underdeveloped themes, offering opportunities for future investigations and deepening.</p>
					<p>Thus, the analyses performed in SciMAT form clusters around the keywords with the highest incidence in the studies (Petrillo Pires de Araújo et al., 2023). These clusters represent sets of highly interconnected keywords within the analyzed literature, reflecting thematic associations and enabling the identification of emerging trends and relationships between different themes. Nodes, in turn, are individual elements in a network diagram. In SciMAT, nodes generally represent keywords, while clusters are groupings of these nodes.</p>
					<p>The data from the analysis are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Table 6</xref>, where the following information was used: a) Cluster: a set of highly interconnected keywords within the analyzed literature, reflecting thematic associations. They can represent specific research topics or relevant concepts in the field of study. Analyzing these clusters allows identifying emerging trends and relationships between different themes. b) Centrality: a measure of the centrality of each cluster, highlighting its importance and connection to other themes within the research field. c) Centrality range: the range of centrality values covered by the clusters, allowing relative comparison between them. d) Density: indicates the degree of connection between keywords within the theme. e) Density range: the range of density values covered by the clusters, showing the internal cohesion of the themes. f) Documents: the total number of documents associated with each cluster. g) h-index: the h-index calculated for each cluster, representing the number of documents in the cluster (h) that have received at least h citations. h) Citations: the total number of citations received by the documents within each cluster, indicating the relevance and impact of the theme in the scientific community (Shen et al., 2023).</p>
					<table-wrap id="t13">
						<label>Table 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Clusters found in SciMAT.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">N</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CLUSTER</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CENTRALITY</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">CENTRALITY RANGE</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DENSITY</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;;" valign="top">DENSITY RANGE</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">DOCUMENTS</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">H-INDEX</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec; ">CITATIONS</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">1</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE</td>
									<td align="center">15.11</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">13.63</td>
									<td align="center">0.67</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">99</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="top">PRESER-<break/>VICE-TEACHERS</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">12.88</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">0.67</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">14.58</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">1</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">3</td>
									<td style="background-color: #e6e7e8;">2</td>
									<td style="background-color:#e6e7e8;">23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="top">COMMUNICATION</td>
									<td align="center">9.97</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
									<td align="center">8.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors.</attrib>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Table 7</xref> presents the keywords and a summary of the analysis for each category.</p>
					<table-wrap id="t14">
						<label>Table 7</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Summary of the category analysis.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">N</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">CLUSTER</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec;">KEYWORDS [DOCUMENTS]</th>
									<th style="background-color:#c1d7ec; ">DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS</th>
								</tr>
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									<td align="left" valign="bottom">1</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">ARTIFICIAL <break/>INTELLI-<break/>GENCE</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">artificial intelligence <break/>[20] competence [11]<break/>technology [9] skills [5]</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">Bibliometric data indicate that “digital competence” and “technology” are central terms, both with 9 occurrences, highlighting the importance of equipping students and teachers with digital competencies. The presence of “systems” (6 occurrences) and “communication” (5 occurrences) reinforces the need to integrate technologies into educational processes, both from a technical standpoint and in effective use to facilitate collaboration and information exchange. The recurrence of “digital skills” (5 occurrences) underscores the relevance of developing specific skills for efficient navigation and use of digital technologies. This category evidences a comprehensive approach to preparing individuals for a digital educational environment, where competence in information and communication technologies is essential.</td>
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									<td align="left" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="bottom">2</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="bottom">PRESERVICE-TEACHERS</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;;" valign="bottom">model [4]<break/>preservice-teachers <break/>[4] innovation [3] proposal [2]</td>
									<td align="center" style="background-color:#e6e7e8;" valign="bottom">“Artificial intelligence” stands out with 20 occurrences, evidencing substantial interest in its application to enhance educational processes. The term “competence” appears 11 times, indicating a focus on developing various competencies through the use of AI. “Innovation” with 3 occurrences suggests a search for new pedagogical approaches that incorporate AI to improve teaching and learning. The terms “model” with 4 occurrences and “proposal” with 2 occurrences reflect research dedicated to developing and testing new AI-based educational models. This category suggests an in-depth exploration of how AI can transform education, from process automation to the creation of personalized and innovative learning experiences.</td>
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									<td align="left" valign="bottom">3</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">COMMUNICATION</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">digital-competence [9] systems [6] communication [5]</td>
									<td align="center" valign="bottom">“Digital competence” and “technology” each appear with 9 occurrences, indicating ongoing interest in the development and implementation of digital technologies. The presence of “systems” with 6 occurrences and “communication” with 5 occurrences highlights the importance of a robust technological infrastructure and effective communication skills for the successful implementation of these technologies in education. Additional terms such as “skills” with 5 occurrences and “innovation” with 3 occurrences reinforce the need for continuous development of competencies and innovative practices in teaching. This category reflects research focused on creating an educational environment that effectively incorporates digital technologies, promoting both the necessary infrastructure and the interpersonal and technical skills required for successful implementation of these technologies.</td>
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							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors with SciMAT.</attrib>
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					<p>The analysis of the strategic coordinates diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>) reveals the presence of the categories “Artificial Intelligence” and “Preservice-Teachers” in the upper right quadrant. These categories exhibit high centrality, indicating strong thematic connections with other areas in the research field. The “Preservice-Teachers” category is positioned higher on the diagram, reflecting greater internal density and cohesion among its associated keywords. In contrast, “Artificial Intelligence” appears further to the right, denoting higher centrality and broader integration with other research themes, despite slightly lower internal density. Both categories are associated with a substantial number of documents and present a notable h-index, indicating significant impact within the scientific community.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Strategic Coordinates Diagrams for the total number of documents.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf09.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors, using SciMat.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In the lower left quadrant, the “Communication” category is located, characterized by both low density and low centrality. This positioning suggests limited thematic cohesion and weaker connections to other research areas. The smaller number of associated documents and a modest h-index reinforce its relatively reduced influence compared to the more prominent categories in the upper right quadrant.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> shows that the category “ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE” focuses on the application of AI in various areas, being mentioned in 20 documents. Terms like “competence,” “technology,” and “skills” indicate an interdisciplinary approach, exploring the intersection between AI and digital competencies. This category presents high centrality (15.11) and density (13.63), with an h-index of 6 and 99 citations, demonstrating significant impact in the academic community.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Categories found in SciMAT.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf10.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors, using SciMat.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The category “PRESERVICE-TEACHERS” focuses on teacher training, emphasizing innovative aspects. The keyword “preservice-teachers” appears in 4 documents, while “model,” “innovation,” and “proposal” suggest investigations into innovative models for initial teacher training. This category shows high centrality (12.88) and density (14.58), with an h-index of 2 and 23 citations, significantly contributing to the field of teacher education.</p>
					<p>The category “COMMUNICATION” addresses digital communication and associated digital competence, with “digital-competence” mentioned in 9 documents. Terms like “systems” and “communication” indicate interdisciplinary investigation. This category has moderate centrality (9.97) and density (8.02), with 3 documents, an h-index of 1, and only 1 citation, suggesting the need for further development to increase its academic relevance.</p>
					<p>The analysis of the categories in different quadrants of the strategic coordinates diagram reveals significant variations in bibliometric metrics, such as the total number of documents, the h-index, and the sum of citations.</p>
					<p>In the upper right quadrant, the categories “Artificial Intelligence” and “Preservice-Teachers” stand out with 14 and 3 documents, respectively, presenting h-indices of 6 and 2, suggesting substantial relevance in the scientific community (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>). The “Artificial Intelligence” category received 99 citations, while “Preservice-Teachers” obtained 23 citations, indicating significant influence in terms of scientific production and academic impact (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f11">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Strategic coordinates diagram for the h-index.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf11.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
							<attrib>Source: The authors, using SciMat.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f12">
							<label>Figure 6</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Strategic diagram for total citations.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2358-0194-faeeba-34-78-0018-gf12.tif" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
							<attrib><bold>Source:</bold> The authors, using SciMat.</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>In the lower left quadrant, the “Communication” category has only 3 documents, an h-index of 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>), and a sum of citations of 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>), reflecting lower scientific production and relatively limited impact in the scientific community compared to the categories in the upper quadrants.</p>
					<p>These analyses emphasize the importance represent leading research areas, while “Comof the categories in the upper right quadrant munication” in the lower left quadrant suggests in terms of research quantity and impact. “Aran area that may require further development tificial Intelligence” and “Preservice-Teachers” to increase its academic relevance and impact.</p>
					<p>The integrated analysis of the three categories reveals trends in research on digital competencies, technology in education, artificial intelligence, innovation, and the development and implementation of technologies. The consistency of terms like “digital competence” and “digital skills” across all categories highlights the growing need to develop technological skills in students and teachers. The recurrence of “technology” and “systems” underscores the importance of robust technological infrastructure to improve teaching and learning processes.</p>
					<p>Teacher training is another critical area, evidenced by the presence of “preservice teachers,” indicating the need to prepare future educators to use digital technologies and AI. Initial and ongoing teacher training is essential for the successful implementation of these technologies. Additionally, terms like “innovation,” “model,” and “proposal” reflect the continuous effort to develop and test new pedagogical approaches, with AI being a key tool for creating more personalized and effective learning experiences.</p>
					<p>“Artificial intelligence” stands out as a dominant theme, showing substantial interest in how AI can be applied to improve education by offering possibilities for process automation, personalized learning, and the development of new competencies. The importance of communication skills for effective collaboration and the use of digital technologies is underscored by the recurrence of the term “communication.”</p>
					<p>Overall, the research signals a focus on the importance of digital competencies, technological integration, teacher training, innovation, and the application of artificial intelligence in education. The trends suggest that research is advancing to create an educational environment that meets the demands of an ever-evolving digital world, emphasizing the development of technological skills and new pedagogical approaches..</p>
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				<title>Final Considerations</title>
				<p>The analyses from VOSviewer and SciMAT converge in identifying trends, gaps, and possibilities for future research in the area of digital competencies and technology in education, focusing on AI integration. Both analyses highlight the growing need to develop digital competencies among students and teachers for a digitized educational environment. The consistency of terms like “digital competence” and “digital skills” across all categories underscores the importance of these technological skills.</p>
				<p>Teacher training emerges as a critical area, with terms like “preservice teachers” indicating the need to prepare educators to use digital technologies and AI. Continuous teacher training is essential for the successful implementation of these technologies, a point underscored by both analyses.</p>
				<p>The integration of emerging technologies such as AI and machine learning is highlighted as a significant trend. AI is seen as a key tool to personalize learning, automate assessments, and create interactive content, enhancing student motivation and engagement. The analyses also point to the need for robust technological infrastructure and effective communication skills to implement these technologies in the educational context.</p>
				<p>Despite these trends, notable research gaps exist. The analysis identified “Communication” as a domain still needing more development, highlighting a lack of effective approaches to promote digital communication skills among educators and students. The need for robust educational policies promoting continuous training and effective ICT use, ensuring data security and privacy, is an area requiring attention.</p>
				<p>Future research possibilities include personalizing digital competency development, adapting content and teaching methods to students’ specific needs. Creating AI-based learning platforms that continuously assess student progress and adjust content as needed is a promising area. Rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of these interventions in improving digital competencies and student motivation is essential.</p>
				<p>Moreover, analyzing large volumes of educational data using AI can identify deficiencies and strengths in developing digital competencies, allowing for more precise, evidence-based interventions. Research can also explore developing interactive and immersive educational content, such as gamification and simulations, which facilitate learning digital competencies.</p>
				<p>Ongoing educator training with AI tools providing personalized training and resources is another potential research area. Evaluating the effectiveness of these training programs and integrating AI into educators’ professional development programs are promising paths.</p>
				<p>Finally, AI can foster research and innovation by analyzing trends in the scientific literature, suggesting study directions, and promoting collaboration between institutions and research groups. Longitudinal studies tracking the impact of AI on developing digital competencies over time are crucial to understanding and continually improving educational practices.</p>
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					<p><italic>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</italic></p>
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					<label>1</label>
					<p>Texto revisado, normalizado e traduzido por Mariane da Silva Domingos Del Duca.</p>
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